File Input Output In Dev C++
- As has been discussed in many other threads here, 'cin ' doesn't remove the end-of-line from the stream after you read in the zero or one. So I'm thinking the getline at line 21 gets the now-empty line and writes it to the file, rather than waiting for a new line of input.
- Ifstream inFile; // input file stream object ofstream outFile; // output file stream object The types ifstream and ofstream are C stream classes designed to be connected to input or output files. File stream objects have all the member functions and manipulators possessed by the standard streams, cin and cout. Streams for File I/O.
C++ Syntax
Saving Output to a File (Using Codeblocks or Dev-C) Saving Your Output to a File To save the output to a file, a. Right-click in the top bar of the output window and choose Edit Select All. In the C programming language, input/output library refers to a family of class templates and supporting functions in the C Standard Library that implement stream-based input/output capabilities. It is an object-oriented alternative to C's FILE-based streams from the C standard library.
Let's break up the following code to understand it better:
Example
using namespace std;
int main() {
cout << 'Hello World!';
return 0;
}
Example explained
Line 1:#include <iostream> is a header file library that lets us work with input and output objects, such as cout (used in line 5). Header files add functionality to C++ programs.
Line 2:using namespace std means that we can use names for objects and variables from the standard library.
Don't worry if you don't understand how #include <iostream> and using namespace std works. Just think of it as something that (almost) always appears in your program.
Line 3: A blank line. C++ ignores white space.
Line 4: Another thing that always appear in a C++ program, is int main(). This is called a function. Any code inside its curly brackets {} will be executed.
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Line 5:cout (pronounced 'see-out') is an object used together with the insertion operator (<<) to output/print text. In our example it will output 'Hello World'.
Note: Every C++ statement ends with a semicolon ;.
Note: The body of int main() could also been written as:int main () { cout << 'Hello World! '; return 0; }
Remember: The compiler ignores white spaces. However, multiple lines makes the code more readable.
Line 6:return 0 ends the main function.
Line 7: Do not forget to add the closing curly bracket } to actually end the main function.
Omitting Namespace
You might see some C++ programs that runs without the standard namespace library. The using namespace std line can be omitted and replaced with the std keyword, followed by the :: operator for some objects:
Example
int main() {
std::cout << 'Hello World!';
return 0;
}
It is up to you if you want to include the standard namespace library or not.
| C++ Standard Library |
|---|
| Containers |
| C standard library |
|
In the C++programming language, input/output library refers to a family of class templates and supporting functions in the C++ Standard Library that implement stream-based input/output capabilities.[1][2] It is an object-oriented alternative to C's FILE-based streams from the C standard library.[3][4]
History[edit]
Bjarne Stroustrup, the creator of C++, wrote the first version of the stream I/O library in 1984, as a type-safe and extensible alternative to C's I/O library.[5] The library has undergone a number of enhancements since this early version, including the introduction of manipulators to control formatting, and templatization to allow its use with character types other than char.
Standardization in 1998 saw the library moved into the std namespace, and the main header changed from <iostream.h> to <iostream>. It is this standardized version that is covered in the rest of the article.
Overview[edit]
Most of the classes in the library are actually very generalized class templates. Each template can operate on various character types, and even the operations themselves, such as how two characters are compared for equality, can be customized. However, the majority of code needs to do input and output operations using only one or two character types, thus most of the time the functionality is accessed through several typedefs, which specify names for commonly used combinations of template and character type.
For example, basic_fstream<CharT,Traits> refers to the generic class template that implements input/output operations on file streams. It is usually used as fstream which is an alias for basic_fstream<char,char_traits<char>>, or, in other words, basic_fstream working on characters of type char with the default character operation set.
The classes in the library could be divided into roughly two categories: abstractions and implementations. Classes, that fall into abstractions category, provide an interface which is sufficient for working with any type of a stream. The code using such classes doesn't depend on the exact location the data is read from or is written to. For example, such code could write data to a file, a memory buffer or a web socket without a recompilation. The implementation classes inherit the abstraction classes and provide an implementation for concrete type of data source or sink. The library provides implementations only for file-based streams and memory buffer-based streams.
The classes in the library could also be divided into two groups by whether it implements low-level or high-level operations. The classes that deal with low-level stuff are called stream buffers. They operate on characters without providing any formatting functionality. These classes are very rarely used directly. The high-level classes are called streams and provide various formatting capabilities. They are built on top of stream buffers.
The following table lists and categorizes all classes provided by the input-output library.
| Class | Explanation | Typedefs |
|---|---|---|
| Stream buffers (low level functionality) | ||
basic_streambuf | provides abstract low level input/output interface, that can be implemented for concrete data sources or sinks. Rarely used directly. |
|
basic_filebuf | implements low level input/output interface for file-based streams. Rarely used directly. |
|
basic_stringbuf | implements low level input/output interface for string-based streams. Rarely used directly. |
|
| Support classes | ||
ios_base | manages formatting information and exception state | N/A |
basic_ios | manages a stream buffer |
|
| Input streams buffers (high level functionality) | ||
basic_istream | wraps an abstract stream buffer and provides high level input interface, such as formatting capabilities. |
|
basic_ifstream | an input stream that wraps a file stream buffer. Provides functions to open or close a file in addition to those of generic input stream |
|
basic_istringstream | an input stream that wraps a string stream buffer. Provides functions to access the underlying string in addition to those of generic input stream |
|
| Output streams buffers (high level functionality) | ||
basic_ostream | wraps an abstract stream buffer and provides high level output interface, such as formatting capabilities. |
|
basic_ofstream | an output stream that wraps a file stream buffer. Provides functions to open or close a file in addition to those of generic output stream |
|
basic_ostringstream | an output stream that wraps a string stream buffer. Provides functions to access the underlying string in addition to those of generic output stream |
|
| Input/output streams buffers (high level functionality) | ||
basic_iostream | wraps an abstract stream buffer and provides high level input/output interface, such as formatting capabilities. |
|
basic_fstream | an input/output stream that wraps a file stream buffer. Provides functions to open or close a file in addition to those of generic input/output stream |
|
basic_stringstream | an input/output stream that wraps a string stream buffer. Provides functions to access the underlying string in addition to those of generic input/output stream |
|
Header files[edit]
The classes of the input/output library reside in several headers.
<ios>contains the definitions ofios_baseandbasic_iosclasses, that manage formatting information and the associated stream-buffer.<istream>contains the definition ofbasic_istreamclass template, which implements formatted input.<ostream>contains the definition ofbasic_ostreamclass template, which implements formatted output.<iostream>contains the definition ofbasic_iostreamclass template, which implements formatted input and output, and includes<ios>,<istream>and<ostream>.<fstream>contains the definitions ofbasic_ifstream,basic_ofstreamandbasic_fstreamclass templates which implement formatted input, output and input/output on file streams.<sstream>contains the definitions ofbasic_istringstream,basic_ostringstreamandbasic_stringstreamclass templates which implement formatted input, output and input/output on string-based streams.<iomanip>contains formatting manipulators.<iosfwd>contains forward declarations of all classes in the input/output library.
Stream buffers[edit]
There are twelve stream buffer classes defined in the C++ language as the table.
Support classes[edit]
ios_base and basic_ios are two classes that manage the lower-level bits of a stream. ios_base stores formatting information and the state of the stream. basic_ios manages the associated stream-buffer. basic_ios is commonly known as simply ios or wios, which are two typedefs for basic_ios with a specific character type. basic_ios and ios_base are very rarely used directly by programmers. Usually, their functionality is accessed through other classes such as iostream which inherit them.[6][7]
Typedefs[edit]
| Name | description |
|---|---|
ios | convenience typedef for a basic_ios working with characters of type char |
wios | convenience typedef for a basic_ios working with characters of type wchar_t |
streamoff | supports internal operations. |
streampos | holds the current position of the buffer pointer or file pointer. |
wstreampos | holds the current position of the buffer pointer or file pointer. |
streamsize | specifies the size of the stream. |
Formatting manipulators[edit]
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
boolalpha / noboolalpha | specifies whether variables of type bool appear as true and false or as 0 and 1 in the stream. |
skipws / noskipws | specifies whether the white space is skipped in input operations |
showbase / noshowbase | specifies whether the notational base of the number is displayed |
showpoint / noshowpoint | specifies whether to display the fractional part of a floating point number, when the fractional part is zero |
showpos / noshowpos | specifies whether to display + for positive numbers |
unitbuf / nounitbuf | specifies whether the output should be buffered |
uppercase / nouppercase | specifies whether uppercase characters should be used in hexadecimal integer and floating-point output |
left / right / internal | specifies how a number should be justified |
dec / oct/ hex | specifies the notation an integer number should be displayed in |
fixed / scientific/hexfloat(C++11) / defaultfloat(C++11) | specifies the notation a floating-point number should be displayed in |
Input/output streams[edit]
C++input/output streams are primarily defined by iostream, a header file that is part of the C++ standard library (the name stands for Input/Output Stream). In C++ and its predecessor, the C programming language, there is no special syntax for streaming data input or output. Instead, these are combined as a library of functions. Like the cstdio header inherited from C's stdio.h, iostream provides basic input and output services for C++ programs. iostream uses the objectscin, cout, cerr, and clog for sending data to and from the standard streams input, output, error (unbuffered), and log (buffered) respectively. As part of the C++ standard library, these objects are a part of the stdnamespace.[8]
The cout object is of type ostream, which overloads the left bit-shiftoperator to make it perform an operation completely unrelated to bitwise operations, and notably evaluate to the value of the left argument, allowing multiple operations on the same ostream object, essentially as a different syntax for method cascading, exposing a fluent interface. The cerr and clog objects are also of type ostream, so they overload that operator as well. The cin object is of type istream, which overloads the right bit-shift operator. The directions of the bit-shift operators make it seem as though data is flowing towards the output stream or flowing away from the input stream.
C++ File Input
Output formatting[edit]
Methods[edit]
width(int x) | minimum number of characters for next output |
fill(char x) | character used to fill with in the case that the width needs to be elongated to fill the minimum. |
precision(int x) | sets the number of significant digits for floating-point numbers |
Manipulators[edit]
Manipulators are objects that can modify a stream using the << or >> operators.
endl | 'end line': inserts a newline into the stream and calls flush. |
ends | 'end string': inserts a null character into the stream and calls flush. |
flush | forces an output stream to write any buffered characters |
ws | causes an inputstream to 'eat' whitespace |
showpoint | tells the stream to show the decimal point and some zeros with whole numbers |
Other manipulators can be found using the header iomanip.
Criticism[edit]
Some environments do not provide a shared implementation of the C++ library. These include embedded systems and Windows systems running programs built with MinGW. Under these systems, the C++ standard library must be statically linked to a program, which increases the size of the program,[9] or distributed as a shared library alongside the program.Some implementations of the C++ standard library have significant amounts of dead code. For example, GNU libstdc++ automatically constructs a locale when building an ostream even if a program never uses any types (date, time or money) that a locale affects,[10]and a statically linked 'Hello, World!' program that uses <iostream> of GNU libstdc++ produces an executable an order of magnitude larger than an equivalent program that uses <cstdio>.[11]
There exist partial implementations of the C++ standard library designed for space-constrained environments; their <iostream> may leave out features that programs in such environments may not need, such as locale support.[12]
Naming conventions[edit]
C++ Input And Output
Examples[edit]
The canonical 'Hello, World!' program can be expressed as follows:
This program would output 'Hello, world!' followed by a newline and standard output stream buffer flush.
The following example creates a file called 'file.txt' and puts the text 'Hello, world!' followed by a newline into it.
References[edit]
- ^ISO/IEC 14882:2003 Programming Languages — C++. [lib.string.streams]/1
- ^Stanley B. Lippman, Josee Lajoie (1999). C++ Primer (third ed.). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 1109–1112. ISBN0-201-82470-1.
- ^Bjarne Stroustrup (1997). The C++ programming language (third ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 637–640. ISBN0-201-88954-4.
- ^Stanley B. Lippman, Josee Lajoie (1999). C++ Primer (third ed.). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 1063–1067. ISBN0-201-82470-1.
- ^Bjarne Stroustrup. 'A History of C++: 1979–1991'(PDF).
- ^Stanley B. Lippman, Josee Lajoie (1999). C++ Primer (third ed.). Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. pp. 1112–1120. ISBN0-201-82470-1.
- ^'<ios> Visual Studio 2010'. Microsoft MSDN: Visual Studio 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
- ^Holzner, Steven (2001). C++ : Black Book. Scottsdale, Ariz.: Coriolis Group. p. 584. ISBN1-57610-777-9.
..endl, which flushes the output buffer and sends a newline to the standard output stream.
- ^'MinGW.org: Large executables'. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
- ^GNU libstdc++ source code,
bits/ios_base.h - ^C++ vs. C - Pin Eight
- ^'uClibc++ C++ library'. Retrieved 6 January 2012.